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Lactarius sanguifluus
''Lactarius sanguifluus'', commonly known as the bloody milk cap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. First described from France in 1811, the species was given its current name by Elias Fries in 1838 when he transferred it to ''Lactarius''. Found in Asia, Mediterranean Africa, and Europe, fruit bodies (mushrooms) grow scattered or in groups on the ground under conifers, especially Douglas fir. When bruised or cut, the fruit bodies ooze a blood-red to purple latex that slowly turns greenish upon exposure to air. The caps are orangish to reddish-brown, and become funnel-shaped with age. The gills are pinkish to purplish. Different forms have been described from Italy, but these are not universally accepted as distinct. ''L. sanguifluus'' mushrooms are edible, and sold in rural markets of Europe and Asia. Fruit bodies grown in polluted soil, including roadsides subject to heavy traffic, can bioaccumulate toxic heavy metals. Several sterols and pigment have been isolated and identified from the mushrooms.
==Taxonomy==
The fungus was first described by French mycologist Jean-Jacques Paulet as ''Hypophyllum sanguifluum'' in 1811.〔 It was given its current name by Elias Magnus Fries when he transferred it to ''Lactarius'' in his 1838 work ''Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici''.〔 In 1892, Otto Kuntze called it a ''Lactifluus'',〔 a genus that until 2010 was considered a synonym of ''Lactarius''.〔 Because Paulet's 1811 type illustration of the species did not represent the typical morphology of the fruit bodies, Jorinde Nuytinck and Annemieke Verbeken designated an epitype in 2005.〔
Giovanni Pacioni and Giorgio Lalli described the forms ''roseus'' and ''vinosus'' from Italy in 2003; ''roseus'' has a greyish-whitish cap discolouration, while f. ''vinosus'' has a less clearly zonate cap that lacks green tones, and gills with a lilac-pinkish sheen.〔 However, form ''vinosus'', originally described by Lucien Quélet as a variety (''Lactarius sanguifluus'' var. ''vinosus'') in 1881, was invalid, because Quélet's basionym was an illegitimate nomenclatural synonym of a species named in 1855 by Jean-Baptiste Barla.〔〔Nuytinck and Verbeken (2005), (p. 163. )〕 Later authors did not agree with the delimitation of these forms as distinct taxa, suggesting that the alternations in appearance represent normal morphological variations brought about by differences in age, and environmental factors such as levels of sunlight and humidity.〔 ''Lactarius vinosus'' has often been considered as a variety of ''L. sanguifluus'', but morphological (especially macroscopic characters and spore-ornamentation) and molecular evidence (based on internal transcribed spacer-sequencing) has confirmed that they are separate species.〔
''Lactarius sanguifluus'' is classified in the section ''Dapetes'' of the genus ''Lactarius''. This section, which also includes other popular edible species such as ''L. deliciosus'', and the less popular ''L. deterrimus'', is characterized by mushrooms with orange or red latex that often impart a greenish stain on the flesh and gills, an often sticky cap, and association with conifers.〔Heilmann-Clausen, Verbeken, and Vesterhold (2000), p. 26.〕 The specific epithet ''sanguifluus'' is derived from the Latin words ''sanguis'' ("blood") and ''fluus'' ("flowing").〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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